Nearly two-thirds (64%) of UK adults use online intermediaries to access news, with Meta – the company which owns Facebook and Instagram – being the third largest source of news in the UK after the BBC and ITV. Seven in ten 16–24-year-olds (71%) in the UK now use social media to keep up with news, and this does not appear to change as they get older.

Building on its existing evidence base, Ofcom conducted a series of studies to explore online intermediaries’ influence over how online news is curated and presented, and the impact this has on people, focusing especially on social media.

Using eye-tracking technology, Ofcom found that the ranking of news content articles in a social media feed has a substantial impact on the amount of time people spend viewing, reading and engaging with it. News items at the top of the feed were around 4.5 times more likely to be viewed than those at the bottom, and seven times more likely to be remembered.

Although social media platforms expose people to many different news outlets, Ofcom’s analysis also shows they tend to serve up a narrower range of topics than people might otherwise encounter on traditional news websites. It’s known from existing research that people who get their news via social media may see less diversity of viewpoints, as well as more polarising and false content, which tends to drive high user engagement.

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Evidence also suggests that incentives to keep users in ‘automatic scrolling mode’ can have implications for how people access and consume news. Studies suggest that when people make decisions ‘automatically’, their judgments tend to be more biased and recommender systems trained on automatic choices can amplify those biases.

Ofcom also found that people who use online intermediaries generally have a limited understanding of the role they play in curating the news that appears on their feed. In addition, the research showed that making meaningful changes to people’s news feeds on social media is a complex task, and participants did not consider the tools that allow users to control the content they see to be sufficiently user-friendly.